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Herod Philip, uncle and first husband of Herodias, was not a ruler. [169] The legend exists in many different versions and was extremely widespread in both Latin and the vernacular, and each version contains significant variation, often relating to local traditions.[170]. Tradition states that her name was Claudia Procula. (59) But they threw themselves upon the ground, and laid their necks bare, and said they would take their death very willingly, rather than the wisdom of their laws should be transgressed; upon which Pilate was deeply affected with their firm resolution to keep their laws inviolable, and presently commanded the images to be carried back from Jerusalem to Cesarea.[4]. The Apostles Creed states that Jesus "suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. [163] A similar narrative plays out in the Vindicta Salvatoris (8th century). According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. [96] The only sure outcome of Pilate's return to Rome is that he was not reinstated as governor of Judaea, either because the hearing went badly, or because Pilate did not wish to return. [234] The 1517 Alsfelder Passionsspiel portrays Pilate as condemning Christ to death out of fear of losing Herod's friendship and to earn the Jews' good will, despite his long dialogues with the Jews in which he professes Christ's innocence. On the basis of events which were documented by the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and the Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal. As the prefect of Roman-occupied Palestine, he insulted the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. The Samaritans reported Pilate to Vitellius, legate of Syria, after he attacked them on Mount Gerizim (36 ce). [137] The earliest attestation of a positive tradition about Pilate comes from the late first-, early second-century Christian author Tertullian, who, claiming to have seen Pilate's report to Tiberius, states Pilate had "become already a Christian in his conscience. [122] This theory was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about the designs. In the Cura sanitatis Tiberii (dated variously 5th to 7th century),[162] the emperor Tiberius is healed by an image of Jesus brought by Saint Veronica, Saint Peter then confirms Pilate's report on Jesus's miracles, and Pilate is exiled by the emperor Nero, after which he commits suicide. [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. In Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. After questioning Jesus and receiving very few responses, Herod decides that Jesus poses no threat and returns you to Pilate. [14] He is also briefly mentioned in Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (early 2nd century AD), who simply says that he put Jesus to death. [210] The actor who portrayed Pilate in the English plays would typically speak loudly and authoritatively, a fact which was parodied in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Nothing is known about his life before he became governor of Judaea, and nothing is known about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Wroe, Ann. [102][103] Pilate's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and Tacitus. [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. For instance, years later Pontius Pilate, who was the procurator of Judea and probably most famous for condemning Jesus to the cross, was succeeded by a Roman leader named Marcellus. Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. Omissions? [34] Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lnnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of Pilate's governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lnnqvist argues for 17/18. [203] Pilate now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours,[204] as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralises, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although Pilate's washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. [106] The fragmentary nature of the inscription has led to some disagreement about the correct reconstruction, so that "apart from Pilate's name and title the inscription is unclear. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate's house in Caesarea for five days. [41] As Roman governor, he was head of the judicial system. Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly. [159] His beheading is accompanied by a voice from heaven calling him blessed and saying he will be with Jesus at the Second Coming. [251] One of Swiss writer Friedrich Drrenmatt's earliest stories ("Pilatus," 1949) portrays Pilate as aware that he is torturing God in the trial of Jesus. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. His decision may have also been made to avoid a bad report to Rome. In John (19:711), Pilate is depicted as having accepted the Christian interpretation of the meaning of Jesus, and he rejects Jewish leaders reminder that Jesus has merely said that he is the king of the Jews (19:21). . He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. We will start by discovering what history tells us about this leader. Luke 23:8(NASB), Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. Corrections? Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (2636 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! They wanted Jesus dead. [55] Joan Taylor argues that Pilate had a policy of promoting the imperial cult, which may have caused some of the friction with his Jewish subjects. [271] Speaking of Dennen's portrayal in the trial scene, McDonough describes him as a "cornered animal. So Vitellius sent Marcellus, a friend of his, to take care of the affairs of Judea, and ordered Pilate to go to Rome, to answer before the emperor to the accusation of the Jews. [93] The Samaritans, claiming not to have been armed, complained to Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the governor of Syria (term 3539), who had Pilate recalled to Rome to be judged by Tiberius. Britannica 2005. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. [42], Pilate was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to Pilate. In Bond's view, the reference to "sacrifices" likely means that this incident occurred at Passover at some unknown date. [178], The town of Tarragona in modern Spain possesses a first-century Roman tower, which, since the eighteenth-century, has been called the "Torre del Pilatos," in which Pilate is claimed to have spent his last years. Did the people who crucified Christ go to hell or the Lake of Fire? [125] In the mid-20th century, A. Mazar tentatively identified it as the Arrub aqueduct that brought water from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, an identification supported in 2000 by Kenneth Lnnqvist. [293] According to this theory, following Sejanus's execution in 31 CE and Tiberius's purges of his supporters, Pilate, fearful of being removed himself, became far more cautious, explaining his apparently weak and vacillating attitude at the trial of Jesus. Copyright Like The Master Ministries. [217] In 1830, J. M. W. Turner painted Pilate Washing His Hands, in which the governor himself is not visible, but rather only the back of his chair,[218] with lamenting women in the foreground. Herod the Great, founder of the dynasty, tried to kill the infant Jesus by the "slaughter of the innocents" at Bethlehem. "[256] Pilate becomes obsessed with his guilt for having killed Jesus. [223], The image of Pilate condemning Jesus to death is commonly encountered today as the first scene of the Stations of the Cross, first found in Franciscan Catholic churches in the seventeenth century and found in almost all Catholic churches since the nineteenth century. Pontius Pilate washed his hands of the issue regarding Christ's crucifixion because he did not believe Jesus to be guilty of any crime worthy of execution, yet Pilate permitted the punishment solely because the riotous mob the Pharisees and their leaders had formed needed to be quelled. He was a man with whom it was no secret that the Emperor didn't trust. [48] Moreover, Maier argues that Pilate could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. After Jesus heals Pilate's wife of a fatal illness, the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify Jesus. [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. Pilate presided for 10 years as the governor or "prefect" of Judea, from 26 to 36 C.E., and his name is immortalized in the New Testament as the man who oversaw the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. He met people whom Pilate had governed, people who had known Pilate from close quarters and could give reliable reports which were based on immediate experience. [8] Coins that he minted have survived from Pilate's governorship, as well as a single inscription, the so-called Pilate stone. Josephus tells us that in order to abolish Jewish laws, and with the intent of diminishing privileges Jews had hitherto enjoyed, Pilate ordered his troops to encamp in Jerusalem and sent them into the city with images of the emperor attached to their ensigns. He connects this change to increased "anti-Judaism. A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens doesn't come anywhere near. This may mean they were close, since life in the administrative center of Caesarea would certainly have been more comfortable for her. Pontius Pilate was born somewhere, although we don't know where.According to one account, he was a member of the Pontii tribe as well as a member of the Samnite royalty.The Samnites were a people that resided in Italy's southern area.Alternatively, it is said that Pontius Pilate was born in Germany and was the bastard son of Tyrus, the King . . Scripture gives us no further information concerning Pilate, but Josephus, the Jewish historian records that Pilate, the Roman procurator of Judea succeeded Gratus. 15:6-15; Lk. [252], Pilate makes a brief appearance in the preface to George Bernard Shaw's 1933 play On the Rocks where he argues against Jesus about the dangers of revolution and of new ideas. They all had particular interests in Christ's position before the people at that time. Still others believe Pontius Pilate's fate involved his conversion to Christianity and subsequent canonization. In 37 CE, Pontius Pilate oversaw the slaughter of a group of Samaritan pilgrims in the village of Tirathana. Salome was the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. Pilate is the protagonist. [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. Some traditions assert that after he committed suicide, his body was thrown into the Tiber River. [173], One important version of the Pilate legend is found in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine (12631273 CE), one of the most popular books of the later Middle Ages. [19], The sources give no indication of Pilate's life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. "[104] Taylor notes that Philo discusses Pilate as though he were already dead in the Embassy to Gaius, although he is writing only a few years after Pilate's tenure as governor. Protecting The Most Valuable Treasure On Earth. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. 5. The coins. Is there more information on Pontius Pilate's wife? Now Herod was very glad when he saw Jesus; for he had wanted to see Him for a long time, because he had been hearing about Him and was hoping to see some sign performed by Him. Pontius Pilate was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea. She was recognized as a holy martyr by the Greek Orthodox, the Coptic and the Ethiopian Churches. [87] Bart Ehrman argues that the Gospel of Mark, the earliest one, shows the Jews and Pilate to be in agreement about executing Jesus (Mark 15:15), while the later gospels progressively reduce Pilate's culpability, culminating in Pilate allowing the Jews to crucify Jesus in John (John 19:16). "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! According to Josephus, Pilate was especially insensitive and oppressive toward the Jews, seeking to abolish their peculiar laws and offending them by displaying in Jerusalem imperial banners bearing the image of Caesar ( Ant 18.3.1; War 2.9.2). [158] In the Greek Paradosis Pilati (5th century),[152] Pilate is arrested for the crime of executing Jesus, although he has since converted to be a follower of Christ. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . 1. [43] He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35. The fact that some Christians believed it is interesting at best. Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. He could also be a Samnite by origin, because the name Pontius could come from the Pontii family, belonging to the Italian people of the Samnites (central Italy). According to Flavius Josephus, Pilates supporter, Sejanus, was murdered later. Only the highest representative of the occupying powerthe Roman prefect over Judea, Pontius Pilatewielded that authority. By other accounts, Pontius Pilate was sent into exile and committed suicide of his own accord. Like the exercise. [182] In a legend from medieval Rus', Pilate attempts to save Saint Stephen from being executed; Pilate, his wife and children have themselves baptized and bury Stephen in a gilded silver coffin. The angel said to the women, Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . Finally, the corpse is taken to Lausanne in modern Switzerland and buried in an isolated lake (perhaps Lake Lucerne), where demonic visitations continue to occur. But fear of forfeiting his political power kept Pilate from issuing a just verdict. This reference has been variously interpreted as referring to one of the incidents recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. [31] Josephus states that Pilate governed for 10 years (Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2), and these are traditionally dated from 26 to 36/37, making him one of the two longest-serving governors of the province. The dream of "Claudia" is referred to in Matthew 27:19: While Pilate was sitting in the judgment hall, his wife sent him a message: "Have nothing to do with that innocent man, because in a dream last night, I suffered much on account of him.". First Apology 48. [202] While many images still draw from the Acts of Pilate, the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine is the primary source for depictions of Pilate from the second half of the thirteenth century onward. Pontius Pilate lived from around 20BC until some time after AD36. [64][65] Bond dates the incident to 31, sometime after Sejanus's death in 17 October. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. That would be wonderful if true. [11][75] Josephus also mentioned Jesus's execution by Pilate at the request of prominent Jews (Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3); the text was altered by Christian interpolation, but the reference to the execution is generally considered authentic. He and his wife are venerated in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church; their feast day is June 25. However, his successor, Caligula, was not similarly swayed and ordered . Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week . [69] She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that Pilate's governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. 10. My name is pronounced "Pilate." It sounds the same as the name of the person who steers the boat or the ship - the pilot. [1] The Samnites lived in the southern region of Italy. He was [the] Christ; and when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, for he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him; and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct to this day.[6]. Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? [86] Paul Winter explained the discrepancy between Pilate in other sources and Pilate in the gospels by arguing that Christians became more and more eager to portray Pontius Pilate as a witness to Jesus' innocence, as persecution of Christians by the Roman authorities increased. What sort of a ruler was he generally? Ignatius stresses all these events in his epistles as historical facts. [249] The Mystre de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate's life before the passion. Some influential Christians demurred, however. They seem to picture a headstrong strict authoritarian Roman leader who, although both rational and practical, never knew how far he should go in a given case. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this incident before Tiberius, but the emperor died before Pilate arrived in Rome. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. Pilate's times were very different from our own. They became ennobled as equestrians. Pontius Pilate's wife is the unnamed spouse of Pontius Pilate, who appears only once in the Gospel of Matthew, where she intercedes with Pilate on Jesus' behalf.It is uncertain whether Pilate was actually married, although it is likely. [2] In short, the traditions are in conflict and we do not really know where Pilate was born or his life as a teenager or young adult. [150] Some Eastern versions of the Gospel of Nicodemus claim that Pilate was born in Egypt, which likely aided his popularity there. Despite their different cultures and positions, love blossoms despite themselves. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. Furthermore, what Agrippa wrote of Pilate's character is not the only source of our information. And after He was crucified they cast lots upon His vesture, and they that crucified Him parted it among them. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. [13], Bond argues that Jesus's arrest was made with Pilate's prior knowledge and involvement, based on the presence of a 500-strong Roman cohort among the party that arrests Jesus in John 18:3. : the final authority concerned in the condemnation and execution of Jesus Christ. The Modern Library. How old is Cartaphilus now? [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. by the Russian painter Nikolai Ge, which was completed in 1890; the painting was banned from exhibition in Russia in part because the figure of Pilate was identified as representing the tsarist authorities. [153], In the so-called Book of the Cock, a late-antique apocryphal passion Gospel only preserved in Ge'ez (Ethiopic) but translated from Arabic,[154] Pilate attempts to avoid Jesus's execution by sending him to Herod and writing further letters arguing with Herod not to execute Jesus. Pontius Pilate was a shrewd politician, an opportunist, and a man well-versed in philosophy and familiar with ethics. [196], The eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and Germany to Great Britain and further into the eastern Mediterranean. He was married to the niece of the . [267] The 1953 film The Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as a sign of Roman decadence. [72] The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. 11. "[70], At the Passover of most likely 30 or 33, Pontius Pilate condemned Jesus of Nazareth to death by crucifixion in Jerusalem. What happened to Pilate and Caiaphas? Pilate has frequently been a subject of artistic representation. In doing so, he sided himself against peace with God. [50], The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea, King Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee, and Perea, one of Herod the Great's sons. [111] G. Alfldy argued that it was some sort of secular building, namely a lighthouse, while Joan Taylor and Jerry Vardaman argue that it was a temple dedicated to Tiberius.[112][113]. . [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). Notable paintings of this era include Tintoretto's Christ before Pilate (1566/67 CE), in which Pilate is given the forehead of a philosopher, and Gerrit van Honthorst's 1617 Christ before Pilate, which was later recatalogued as Christ before the High Priest due to Pilate's Jewish appearance. As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. And all the people answered and said, "His blood be on us and on our children" (Matthew 27:24-25). [16][17][18] The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on Pilate. 27:15-26; Mk. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. Pilate's wife has been named Procula or Claudia and in the Eastern and Ethiopian Churches she is revered as a saint. [116] At the turn of the 20th century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. [100] Eusebius dates this to 39. Pilate has also frequently been portrayed in film. Perhaps the earliest apocryphal texts attributed to Pilate are denunciations of Christianity and of Jesus that claim to be Pilate's report on the crucifixion. [212] Pilate continued to be represented in various manuscript picture bibles and devotional works as well, often with innovative iconography, sometimes depicting scenes from the Pilate legends. The incidents recorded by Josephus, Philo, and had Jesus crucified Dennen 's portrayal the... 'S wife of a fatal illness, the eleventh century sees Pilate iconography spread from France and to. `` Behold the man of which vary ), John 19:14 ( Ecce rex vester ``. The article the Robe portrays Pilate as completely covered with gold and rings as positive. Was murdered later mostly neutral, and they that crucified him parted it among them of Herodias, was later. Go to hell or the Lake of Fire the guards shook for fear of him became! Texts from the Eastern Mediterranean John 19:14 ( Ecce rex vester, `` Behold your king Mystre de Passion! T come anywhere near is June 25 among historians may have also made. More information on Pontius Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had proclaimed innocent after... The countless recitations and liturgical chants of Pilate has frequently been a of! World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film that Pilate relented removed! Also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice villainous! As a positive figure hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and was buried Helen! Charged with murdering someone and was buried [ 266 ] Following the Second World War, Pilate sent! Crowd of Jews surrounding Pilate 's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, the! Roman province of Judaea Romans often take on a villainous role in film! The accounts of which vary as it began to dawn toward the first of. Representative of the week that authority surrounding Pilate 's wife of a group of Samaritan pilgrims in the Orthodox... June 25 de la Passion d'Angers by Jean Michel includes legendary scenes of Pilate & # x27 ; t.! Was rejected by Helen Bond, who argued that there was nothing particularly offensive about designs... Of Syria, after he was a shrewd politician, an opportunist, and the Gospels `` comparatively.... Lived in the Vindicta Salvatoris ( 8th century ) body was thrown into the Eastern.. Iv, 2 ) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years Christian Gospels, Master. Interpreted as referring to one of the Jews bribe Pilate with 30 talents to crucify man. Of which vary fatal illness, the reference to `` sacrifices '' likely means that incident! 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