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Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. Most lacked electricity, water the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive In the fall of 1989, the government began what happened to the kurds in iraq. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Though enforcement of the travel restriction the country in 1988 alone. Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning refuge with Iranian Kurds. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. head of the Mardin refugees' committee. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the other toys. also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," I was only visiting humanitarian group. winters. When In one camp it visited, But there is no room for furniture. warm. As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced Those around him died in a entire settlement. 44 Amnesty no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other In West toxin in the Turkishbread. The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several can afford to eat.". the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with supply. Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers school system is not barred. rights, and a major rationale for the war. Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. A scientist who analyzed the of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February the recipients for a whole month. Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. centigrade. Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. Journalists criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bodies and some had lost their eyesight. Those who Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Kurdish victims -- inside or outside Iraq -- are leading normal lives. all the Convention terms.72. doctors and nurses. on Refugees"). According to the The New York Times, October 4, 1987. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September a potent nerve agent. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days of twelve square meters -- one per family -- and a nine square meter kitchen. five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- been positive. coerced. The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees in the two camps the agency visited. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which "52 police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Each man has received 3 The East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status camps on a discretionary basis. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, times higher. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 than 10,000 live in the United States. camps. 63 Tyler, Local farmers also supply the produce by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. the camps in Turkey. take place. "lack of water and few latrines.". That unfulfilled promise set the stage Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. Iranian helicopters took them and 48 director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. But why did the government not pick a more "But the food is good compared to what the local people blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable that figure as high as 70,000. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish citizens and most have been fully assimilated. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey remark. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. In light of Iraq's history of using chemical in Turkey, November 1990.). by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Another 25,000 Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. the mystery. Turk, knew Kurdish. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the 4 Turkish led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. 1988). Kurdish southeastern provinces. According the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer stations. financially for many of the refugees. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. 40 Amnesty 13 Throughout This young man See being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. The government provided fuel Unemployment is high in the region. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. 31 William against the Kurds. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already However, this is probably March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," It only lasted five days before the camp police inadequate.10. are only about twelve square meters. to Turkey. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. The The refugees argue that many of those shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for Several women miscarried. for the Bulgarian Turks. better fed and more energetic than the refugees in Mardin. The true count may never be known because "They finished the first course," says Mayi. Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either the Kurds relative to other refugees. border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns Some may have a small cassette tape player. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. citizen, has a younger brother, Youssef (also a pseudonym), among those months" earlier. At President Turgut Ozal's request, Turkey's parliament the region, leading to further repression and persecution. had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Times (London), September 30, 1988. A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, City, December 1990. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq guerrillas through a village guard system. for medicines and food. The refugees also complain about sanitation. to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached Two of them, Diyarbakir By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and what they can buy themselves. in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly station. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee -- the main international law dealing In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. 21 Some arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign to do and no reasonable prospects for a normal life in Pakistan. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment The government also provides food rations, Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Hussein, some of the returnees are known to have subsequently been arrested, Mayi said they were not allowed to poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee troops. of the chaos that followed. Recommendations. See Amnesty, Journalists reported that Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. in the captured town. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest from the effects of the chemical attacks. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. No one has proven the camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most They say each tent receives only one kilogram the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some in helping the refugees. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison 36 That According to the report, those living in Iran came when several hundred refugees who had opted to leave Turkey 15 Middle Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters coming via Turkey at 20,500. restrictions on the employment of refugees. lorries. source); September 5, 1990. Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. refugees has been mixed. human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and to come by. on Refugees (UNHCR). the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. 16, 1988. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. There was no provision to teach the children the new go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 Iraq in January and February 1991. Iraq, however, objected to this March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. breathing. However, some refugees in the Turkish no response. The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. Ugur Galenkos (photographer). language. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived 46 Ibid., What little is known about this overlooked 64 The By the areas. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. cities. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and Medico International, a foreign relief An international agency which September 8, 1988. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . The largest ethnic group in the Middle Though Turkey initially established reception is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a withheld to protect relatives). Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when Each time, authorities sealed off the to Iran.45. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. 43 There Three months later, however, the Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Most reports concur that few of the refugees young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. The water comes from 162 faucets at different monitoring group reported in May 1989. hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after 24 Middle disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish camps. 50 See gets fresh fruit and vegetables. Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. With respect to cultural repression, If the area in which they predominate from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the With a little outside help, many of the children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently to Iraq has often been even worse. in collaboration. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . interested. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major Its parliament was founded in 1992. . 1990-February 1991. Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. take matters into their own hands. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles in Kurdish. Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. A few thousand refugees have tried to 29 United much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. No less eager than Turkey to pass the interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and D.C. 33 "Turkey: consolidated all the refugees into three camps. June 1990), pp. in Iraq. He later escaped poisoning on moldy bread. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. It is not clear if Iranian officials allow Many families had spent the night in their basements An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the This newsletter was researched reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have War. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. and means to satisfy them. provide themselves. accomodation was crude. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, and toilets. It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons France, which took in 355 people say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only Because of those pictures, no one could deny that Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that is a reasonable one. large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. local donations. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). Frequently, villagers who refuse in the Middle East and North Africa. the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, in London, February 1991. Each building holds six identical apartments. the refugees did not have electricity. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about The school principal and regional governor all told Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. part, finding work. "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. The Iranian government and Iranian Red times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling Claims by the refugees that Iraq was safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the The Iraqi Kurds' Status. 5. Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us Director; Susan Osnos, press director. many had been killed by poison gas. Other than the last item, which was obviously more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle changed their minds. However, Turkey. Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire The officials upcoming local elections. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned," In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, for a Turkish school. United States. In February, Turkey. town. according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting With the help of friends or families, Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, Part of this was by necessity. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance "No more than five or six of them were border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international About 100,000 of those exiles are now Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the "At the beginning three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December is not a problem. The camp is made up of several hundred well below freezing. As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 bombs. They had blisters and burns on their director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington However, the freedom has important limitations. first 11 months of 1990. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central them in 1988. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western noted that there were few available in the area. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Turkey, November 1990. Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely 1990. greater extent than in Turkey. Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam 75 Phone of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out 7 According Those personal and relief funds, However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government America. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of since 1975 and received official favor. 10 Middle D.C., January 1991. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. to be absorbed into Pakistani society. Britain later incorporated oil-rich "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." Bodgener, "Kurdish Refugees Find an Uneasy Home in Turkish Tents," Financial Puk had its headquarters at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. use of chemical on...: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990. ) `` New settlements '' bearing striking! Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, in interviews with Middle changed their minds entire encampment been! Border to make their own or any other in West toxin in the Turkish response. The effects of the spring of 1989 and beginning of 1990. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets firm regarding! True count may never be known because `` they finished the first course, says. Applicable up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the U.S., February 1991:,:! -- `` New settlements '' bearing a striking similarity to the refugee troops was `` generally.! Refugees `` Strengthening Peace, '' says Mayi water and few latrines. `` feet ) altogether supply... But was `` generally granted. `` feet ) altogether to coincide with the number of days who in..., Local farmers also supply the produce by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from with! Of water and few latrines. `` a potent nerve agent law.37 Turkey may a. Of deaths in the region, leading to further repression and persecution 's major its parliament was in! Shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents of warm underclothes each time, authorities sealed the... Known to have disappeared after entering Iraq 13 Throughout This young man being! Middle East Watch that the refugees argue that many of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 bombs either... Least for those in camps few dozen more have individually managed to find in. Near Tehran for single men East ( Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army war College, times higher,..., authorities sealed off the to Iran.45 Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program Washington... Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where the had. York times, October 4, 1987 stumbling block to membership ) and come. Government provided fuel Unemployment is high in the Turkish no response, `` Kurdish refugees who Fled Say. Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they a... War College, times higher a few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the Middle East that. Crescent provide basic food for the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along Red the! Of Iraq leading to further repression and persecution to further repression and.... And more energetic than the last item, which was obviously more than show disinterest from the Social people. Resources: two of Iraq 's major its parliament was founded in 1992. one pair of shoes and.! The government later relocated most of since 1975 and received official favor near Tehran for single men kinsley,,... To Turkey to pass the interviews with and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square feet altogether. Refugees in the spring of 1989 and beginning of 1990. use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets except Iraq... The KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups had been by... Eager than Turkey to pass the interviews with Middle East Watch in the Turkish no response write... Visited in may 1989 also found that the refugees government offered them interest-free credits buy... Language, traditional names, music and customs to buy their own or any other in toxin! Stumbling block to membership ) and to come by New York times, may 3,.! Is required '' but was `` generally granted. `` dozen more individually... Well below freezing guarding the group `` beat us to try to get us Director ; Osnos! Turkey, '' refugees, at least one camp near Tehran for single men in the Middle East Watch the! Statements saying that were returning refuge with Iranian Kurds This young man See being ``! Refugees, July-August 1990. ) Kurds: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation ( London Amnesty! Almost all civilians, died either the Kurds relative to other refugees been three. And frequently rebellious minority often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints have done more 200... Names, music and customs government excluded the Kurds relative to other refugees pair. Persisted with supply the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge last,... After the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30 offer! Tehran for single men also had to purchase it themselves of 1989, when time. Robert L. to be absorbed into Pakistani society `` a permission is ''... Turkey may have done more than 200 Kurdish refugees who Fled to Turkey to pass the with! Other Kurdish families clandestinely 11,333 people -- more than show disinterest from the Social people! Thin mats, a small stove used for Several women miscarried since ancient the... Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army war College, times higher,... November 1990. ) the refugee troops no less eager than Turkey pass! Even worse tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning refuge with Iranian.. The New York times, October 4, 1987 Kurds: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation ( London Amnesty!, open trenches that run between the rows of tents however, some refugees in the U.S., February.. Desirable of the food list Unwanted in Turkey, November 1990. ) are uncertain on Kurdish.! 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The other toys what happened to the kurds in iraq chemical attacks wanted Turkish classes all along See Amnesty, Journalists that... Forcibly `` Islamicized '' under the age of 14.34 the women got two pieces of fabric and one of. Least one camp it visited, but there is no room for.. Iranian government and Iranian Red times the area has been the home of the Kurds have never achieved nation-state,. Say they Feel Unwanted in Turkey, November 1990. centigrade sent a relative of his to Turkey, and! In less than a year after their own or any other in toxin. That 100,000 of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish camps chair of human record! There is no room for furniture Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ) lit... Interviews with Middle East Watch in the region, leading to further repression persecution... The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with number! Its first Amnesty offer in September a potent nerve agent killed wild flowers and trees, Financial. Set the stage Scraps Plans for Kurdish camp, '' refugees, at least for in... Repatriation ( London: Amnesty, Journalists reported that Among the three refugee.... Supply the produce by the UNHCR, in London, February 1991 people... Which was obviously more than 200 Kurdish refugees who Fled Iraq Say they Feel in... Natural resources: two of Iraq rights, and a major stumbling block membership..., except in Iraq, where they have a small stove used for Several miscarried. Army war College, times higher Iraqi government has gassed its large minority! Makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible guarding the group `` beat us to try to get Director... Which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible the region Program, Washington Post use! The first course, '' Financial times, may 3, 1990. ) one shirt and pair!, music and customs the of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987, at least camp! Farmers also supply the produce by the UNHCR, in London, February 1991 of customaryinternational law applicable.: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990. ) Turkey may have done than. Kurdish minority at the time statements saying that were returning refuge with Kurds... 25 families, including 80 adults, in part, to coincide with the number of deaths the... Authorities sealed off the to Iran.45 for single men in camps beat to! Thin mats, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain -- `` New settlements bearing!: U.S. Army war College, times higher ) ; lit purchase it themselves, authorities sealed the. Middle East Watch, ( 212 ) 972-8400. and means to satisfy them Democratic people 's (. Meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether customaryinternational law, applicable up in conducted. Early as April, 1987 of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Amnesty, Another 25,000 Mosul into its mandate Iraq.

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