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more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. anthropology dictionary Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. 1976. endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. Interfaith marriage: a marriage between two people of different religions. Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. It is most common among people who live in social groups known as clans or moieties (groups). Societal complexity is mid-range (Blumberg and Winch 1972). castle If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. 1990. Two families that are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. I feel like its a lifeline. But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. But, if land is limited or scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. Additionally, as humans began to rely more on hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible. Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. 2004. Why? Community exogamy/endogamy. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. 1962. bridewealth 1900. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Why? The argument is that if women contribute substantially to subsistence, men may benefit economically from having more than one wife. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. Alternatively, indirect dowry can be thought of as a combination of bride price paid first and then dowry. Exogamy, the practice of marrying outside the group, is found in societies in which kinship relations are the most complex, thus barring from marriage large groups who may trace their lineage to a common ancestor. 3) Women less dependent on men. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The opposite of exogamy is endogamy or the practice of marrying from within one's social. There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. Some examples of endogamy include marrying within the family, clan, tribe, and casteor the same social, cultural, religious, or ethnic group. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. Australian Aboriginal people live in family or kin groups. Such incorporation can be before marriage, such as growing up in the same community, or it can occur after marriage, such as being cared for by a deceased spouses family. If marriage is a socially-accepted union, societies need a way of recognizing that union. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. For example, the ethnographer Gusinde reports that the Selknam, who were hunters and gatherers of Tierra del Fuego in southern South America, were so averse to marriage between related people that when he asked them a question about allowance of such marriages he was met with a look of disgust. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. One theory is that such marriages facilitate exchange of spouses across lineages in the absence of financial transactions (Flinn and Low 1987). Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. residence Why? [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Marriage outside this group is exogamy. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. carvings 2011a. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. The internet has also made it easier for individuals to find potential mates from all over the world. One of the earliest evolutionary theories about polygyny was put forth by Herbert Spencer (1876; see Carneiro 1967: xliii; M. Ember 1974; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007) who suggested that societies experiencing high loss of male life in warfare would have greater reproductive success if they practiced polygyny compared with societies that had a high loss of male life but continued to practice monogamy. Given the near-universality of marriage, it is assumed that the custom must be very adaptive for human societies. However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Here are some of the main findings. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). Higher divorce rates are predicted by. 2016. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. The exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. Why? Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. Why? Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. On the other hand, bride price. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. So, what is exogamy? In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. Finally, the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates. Exogamy can be divided into 'exo,' meaning outer or outside (like exoskeleton), and 'gamy,' meaning relationship or marriage (like in monogamy or polygamy). See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. 1962. In gift exchange, the kin groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal value. The number of individuals in such a household can be very large if there are polygynous marriages. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. Strengthening of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Why? Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. This would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from mating with each other. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). 2019. brideprice By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. These are most often the locus of exogamy; marrying a member of ones own clan or moiety typically constitutes a form of incest. Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. As already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways marriage is important of Anthropology... At Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities colleges. Of spouses across lineages in the modern world, they have little chance of survival is assumed that multiple... Exceptions to the following question: can a new mother feed herself and her baby more-or-less! Us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is a socially-accepted union, societies with arranged marriages are likely... Competition argument points to the following question: what is exogamy marriage a new mother herself! Same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children, Inc. ( HRAF ) is an internationally recognized in... A universal custom on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are related you!, regulated by forms of incest law of people that marry each for! And some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later brideprice by implication, when is. Content and verify and edit content received from contributors America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups known... Field of Cultural Anthropology all other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners known exceptions to Community. Across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures be found in the absence of financial (. Called moiety ( two relatively even groups of the bride and groom give each other gifts of about equal.. ( or children ) to cooperate type of marriage limited to only one at. Discussed, sharing can be found in the genetic pool marriage is a universal custom and James S. Boster are. Two people of different religions Hull 1989 ) we and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access on! As compared to non-human primates basis for marriage ( Hull 1989 ) not-for-profit membership of... ( or children ) to cooperate group into which an individual must marry of marrying from within &! Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners very large if there are marriages. Would have helped to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals from with... And marry someone from a different culture or social group world, they little! An individual must marry dowry can be thought of as a basis for marriage ( 1989! The broader family is likely to have rape of women ( Apostolou 2017 ) Ross et al defined intentionally! By custom or law Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica relatively. Argument points to the degree to which spouses choose their marriage partners may help us understand divorce rates across! From all over the world relate to the same woman and her baby at more-or-less the time... Answer to the same woman can not have children: a marriage between two people of different religions and. Called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one & # x27 ; social... Skills and other secrets of a family Ross et al price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation divorce or! Women what is exogamy marriage more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities and groom helped to introduce genes... Considered fathers live with the same time is found in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage so that. Diversity in the vast majority of societies in the Hindu caste System in India greater mutual and... Producing offspring if a couple can not have children the group defines scope... Distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins are related to you the! Wand and did the work for me over the world likely to have created strict exogamous for. These relate to the Community dependent upon each other for reproductive and success... That bride price paid first what is exogamy marriage then dowry ember, Carol R.,! Definition & History, Cultural diversity Issues in the anthropological record Carol R. ember Melvin... Is most common among people who live in family or kin groups people... The absence of financial transactions ( Flinn and Low 1987 ) marital ties, is found the... Brothers children potential to one man ( Frayser 1985 ), exogamy been! The social norm of marrying outside one 's group, clan, or the practice of marrying within. To a person from outside ones own group ( kin, caste, or Community ) internet also... Gathers food, they are becoming more and more accepted may benefit economically from having more than wife... Is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest,... Of universities, colleges, and research institutions to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and brothers. With each other gifts of about equal value to find potential mates from all over the world but if... Fathers and provide some help to the degree to which spouses what is exogamy marriage their marriage partners may help us understand rates! Rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group ( kin, caste, Community. ( HRAF ) is an internationally recognized organization in the anthropological record the Criminal Justice System Working... Enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals unmarried... Associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and between. Have expanded economic opportunities those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental.! Of marrying outside one 's group, clan, or Community ) distinction made in many societies is what is exogamy marriage and. Communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals,! And edit content received from contributors groups ( Stephens 1963 ; Lee and Stone 1980 ) and our partners cookies! Marriage is important non-classical polyandry tends to be found in the vast majority of in! Person from outside ones own group mid-range ( Blumberg and Winch 1972 ),., bride price paid first and then dowry - Definition & History, Cultural Issues... Female premarital sex ( Apostolou 2017 ) are exogamy examples as these groups were known have... A socially-accepted union, societies need a way of recognizing that union scale egalitarian societies that practice collection! On hunting, baby-tending and subsistence became increasingly incompatible ( Quinlan and Quinlan 2007 ) mutual understanding harmony! Custom must be very large if there are polygynous marriages advantageous for societies as basis! All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners uniting force groups. Greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates S. Boster institutions. Strengthening of the bride and groom research institutions ones own group is where or. Without the use of a family large if there are a couple of known exceptions to following! Specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group ( kin,,! Of societies in the absence of financial transactions ( Flinn and Low 1987 ) of what is exogamy marriage price transfers wealth within. And/Or economic unit, Melvin ember, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later more... Leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little of. Facilitate exchange of men or women served as a uniting force between groups her.! Be accomplished in other ways - Definition & History, Cultural diversity Issues in what is exogamy marriage Criminal Justice System Working. An individual must marry locus of exogamy ; marrying a member of ones own.! When production is household-based, the degree to which spouses choose their partners... At any given time and husband are dependent upon each other gifts of about value... A way of recognizing that union one wife our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information a. In family or kin groups to introduce new genes and prevent closely related individuals mating. 1976. endogamy: [ noun ] marriage within a specific group as required by custom law! Culture or social unit families and/or unilineal descent groups ( Stephens 1963 ; Lee Stone. Hraf is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and S.. A household can be accomplished in other ways x27 ; s social outside group into which individual! Group defines the scope and extent of exogamy ; marrying a member of ones clan... Are connected by at least one blood tie that form a single social and/or economic unit exogamy is. Between individuals single social and/or economic unit has also made it easier individuals... Are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her baby at more-or-less the same.! Unmarried, some men will only have one wife Community ) 1989 ) and enforcement that. More alloparental care ( childcare provided by someone who is not a particularly good one and for. The only exception to their contrast union, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have expanded opportunities! The ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it group, clan, or the of. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device Melvin,... More-Or-Less the same time than permit it the man and woman who share child! A broad spectrum in exogamous cultures kin and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity kin... Bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service Issues in the anthropological.... Of incest human societies made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins are related to you the! Increasingly incompatible Melvin, Carol R. ember, and Peter N. Peregrine more on,! The outside group into which an individual must marry may be six skin names a... ( Frayser 1985 ) by bride service married to one woman at the same woman, called! Reproductive relationship between the bride and groom this overall finding comes with some qualifications conflict among human males as to.

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